Antiarrhythmic - Class I (Na+ channel blockers)
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
|
McLeod SL., Brignardello-Petersen R., Worster A., You J., Iansavichene A., Guyatt G., et al. Comparative effectiveness of antiarrhythmics for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Resuscitation 2017; 121:90-7. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Organized electrical rhythm
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Olson DW., Thompson BM., Darin JC., Milbrath MH. A randomized comparison study of bretylium tosylate and lidocaine in resuscitation of patients from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in a paramedic system. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13(9 Pt 2):807-10. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
|
Kudenchuk PJ., Brown SP., Daya M., et al. Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med 2016; 374(18):1711-22. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
|
Kudenchuk PJ., Leroux BG., Daya M., Rea T., Vaillancourt C., Morrison LJ., et al. Antiarrhythmic Drugs for Nonshockable-Turned-Shockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: The ALPS Study (Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo). Circulation 2017; 136(22):2119-31. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Lane DJ, Grunau B, Kudenchuk P, Dorian P, Wang HE, et al. Bayesian analysis of amiodarone or lidocaine versus placebo for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart 2022. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
survival to hospital admission
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Ong ME., Pellis T., Link MS. The use of antiarrhythmic drugs for adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 2011; 82(6):665-70. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC Achieved
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Rahimi M, Dorian P, Cheskes S, Lebovic G, Lin S. Effect of Time to Treatment With Antiarrhythmic Drugs on Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Shock-Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. J Am Hear Assoc 2022; 11(6):e023958. Medline
|
|
I
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Return of an organized rhythm
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Haynes RE., Chinn TL., Copass MK., Cobb LA. Comparison of bretylium tosylate and lidocaine in management of out of hospital ventricular fibrillation: A randomized clinical trial. Am J Cardiol 1981; 48(2):353-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
1 month survival
|
Patient
|
|
Amino M, Inokuchi S, Yoshioka K, Nakagawa Y, Ikari Y, Funakoshi H, et al. Does Antiarrhythmic Drug During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Improve the One-month Survival: The SOS-KANTO 2012 Study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol; 68(1):58-66. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
1-year mortality.
|
Patient
|
|
Huang CH., Yu PH., Tsai MS., Chuang PY., Wang TD., Chiang CY., et al. Acute hospital administration of amiodarone and/or lidocaine in shockable patients presenting with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A nationwide cohort study. Int J Cardiol 2017; 227:292-8. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival outcomes (ROSC and survival to discharge)
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Huang Y., He Q., Yang M., Zhan L. Antiarrhythmia drugs for cardiac arrest: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2013; 17(4):R173. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Re-arrest
|
Patient
|
|
Salcido DD., Schmicker RH., Kime N., Buick JE., Cheskes S., Grunau B., et al. Effects of intra-resuscitation antiarrhythmic administration on rearrest occurrence and intra-resuscitation ECG characteristics in the ROC ALPS trial. Resuscitation 2018;129:6-12. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival at hospital admission
|
Patient
|
|
Sanfilippo F., Corredor C., Santonocito C., Panarello G., Arcadipane A., Ristagno G., et al. Amiodarone or lidocaine for cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 2016; 107:31-7. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Increased hospital admission
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Tagami T., Matsui H., Ishinokami S., Oyanagi M., Kitahashi A., Fukuda R., et al. Amiodarone or nifekalant upon hospital arrival for refractory ventricular fibrillation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016;109:127-32. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Huebinger R, Harvin JA, Chan HK, Idris A, Cooper B, Giordano J, Wang HE. Procainamide for shockable rhythm cardiac arrest in the Resuscitation Outcome Consortium. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 55:143–6. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Feasibility
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Kovoor P., Love A., Hall J., Sadnick N., et al. Randomized double-blind trial of sotalol vs lignocaine in out-of-hospital refractory cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Intern Med J 2005; 35(9):518-25. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival time
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Wang HE., Min A., Hostler D., Chang CC., Callaway CW. Differential effects of out-of-hospital interventions on short- and long-term survival after cardiopulmonary arrest. Resuscitation 2005; 67(1):69-74. Medline
|
Antiarrhythmic - Class III (K+ channel blockers)
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Lane DJ, Grunau B, Kudenchuk P, Dorian P, Wang HE, et al. Bayesian analysis of amiodarone or lidocaine versus placebo for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart 2022. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
|
McLeod SL., Brignardello-Petersen R., Worster A., You J., Iansavichene A., Guyatt G., et al. Comparative effectiveness of antiarrhythmics for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Resuscitation 2017; 121:90-7. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital admission
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Dorian P., et al. Amiodarone as Compared With Lidocaine for Shock-Resistant Ventricular Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(12); 884-9. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital admission
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Kudenchuk P., Cobb L., Copass M., et al. Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1999; 234:871-8. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
|
Kudenchuk PJ., Brown SP., Daya M., et al. Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med 2016; 374(18):1711-22. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
|
Kudenchuk PJ., Brown SP., Daya M., et al. Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med 2016; 374(18):1711-22. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
|
Kudenchuk PJ., Leroux BG., Daya M., Rea T., Vaillancourt C., Morrison LJ., et al. Antiarrhythmic Drugs for Nonshockable-Turned-Shockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: The ALPS Study (Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo). Circulation 2017; 136(22):2119-31. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
1 month survival
|
Patient
|
|
Amino M, Inokuchi S, Yoshioka K, Nakagawa Y, Ikari Y, Funakoshi H, et al. Does Antiarrhythmic Drug During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Improve the One-month Survival: The SOS-KANTO 2012 Study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol; 68(1):58-66. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
1-year mortality.
|
Patient
|
|
Huang CH., Yu PH., Tsai MS., Chuang PY., Wang TD., Chiang CY., et al. Acute hospital administration of amiodarone and/or lidocaine in shockable patients presenting with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A nationwide cohort study. Int J Cardiol 2017; 227:292-8. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Increased hospital admission
|
Process
|
|
Tagami T., Matsui H., Ishinokami S., Oyanagi M., Kitahashi A., Fukuda R., et al. Amiodarone or nifekalant upon hospital arrival for refractory ventricular fibrillation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016;109:127-32. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Defib rate, Rhythm conversion
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Yoshioka K., Amino M., Morita S., et al. Can nifekalant hydrochloride be used as a first-line drug for cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA)? : Comparative study of out-of-hospital CPA with acidosis and in-hospital CPA without acidosis. Circ J 2006; 70(1):21-27. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Defib success
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Amino M., Yoshioka K., Opthof T., et al. Comparative study of nifekalant versus amiodarone for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 55(4):391-8. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Harayama N., Nihei SI., Nagata K., et al. Comparison of nifekalant and amiodarone for resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest resulting from shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. J Anesth 2014; 28(4):587-92. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival outcomes (ROSC and survival to discharge)
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Huang Y., He Q., Yang M., Zhan L. Antiarrhythmia drugs for cardiac arrest: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2013; 17(4):R173. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC in cardiac arrest
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Rahimi M, Dorian P, Cheskes S, Lebovic G, Lin S. Effect of Time to Treatment With Antiarrhythmic Drugs on Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Shock-Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. J Am Hear Assoc 2022; 11(6):e023958. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Re-arrest
|
Patient
|
|
Salcido DD., Schmicker RH., Kime N., Buick JE., Cheskes S., Grunau B., et al. Effects of intra-resuscitation antiarrhythmic administration on rearrest occurrence and intra-resuscitation ECG characteristics in the ROC ALPS trial. Resuscitation 2018;129:6-12. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival at hospital admission
|
Patient
|
|
Sanfilippo F., Corredor C., Santonocito C., Panarello G., Arcadipane A., Ristagno G., et al. Amiodarone or lidocaine for cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 2016; 107:31-7. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to hospital admission
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Ong ME., Pellis T., Link MS. The use of antiarrhythmic drugs for adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 2011; 82(6):665-70. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Hemodynamic side effects
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Skrifvars MB., Kuisma M., Boyd J., Maatta T., Repo J., Rosenberg PH., Castren M. The use of undiluted amiodarone in the mgt of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesth Scand 2004; 48:582-7. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Hemodynamic side effects
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Skrifvars MB., Kuisma M., Boyd J., Maatta T., Repo J., Rosenberg PH., Castren M. The use of undiluted amiodarone in the mgt of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesth Scand 2004; 48:582-7. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to DC
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Olasveengen TM., Sunde K., Brunborg C., Thowsen J., Steen PA., Wik L. Intravenous drug administration during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A randomized trial. JAMA 2009; 302(20):2222-9. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Pollak PT., Wee V., Al-Hazmi A., Martin J., Zarnke KB. The use of amiodarone for in-hospital cardiac arrest at two tertiary care centres. Can J Cardiol 2006; 22(3):199-202. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Yasuda S., Sawano H., Hazui H. Ukai I. et al. Report from J-PULSE Multicentre Registry of Patients With Shock-Resistant Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Treated with Nikekalant Hydrochloride. Japan Circ J 2010; 74(11):2308-13. Medline
|
Biphasic Defibrillation
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Auble TE., Menegazzi JJ., Paris PM. Effect of out-of-hospital defibrillation by basic life support providers on cardiac arrest mortality: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25(5):642-8. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
First-shock efficacy rates
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Bardy GH., Marchlinski FE., Sharma AD., et al. Multicenter comparison of truncated biphasic shocks and standard damped sine wave monophasic shocks for transthoracic ventricular defibrillation. Circulation 1996; 94(10):2507-14. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
First Shock Success
|
Patient
|
OR
|
Higgins SL., Herre JM., Epstein AE., et al. A comparison of biphasic and monophasic shocks for external defibrillation. Physio-Control Biphasic Investigators. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000; 4(4):305-13. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Return of organized rhythm
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Koster RW., Walker RG., van Alem AP. Definition of successful defibrillation. Crit Care Med 2006; 34(12 Suppl):S423-6. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to hospital
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Kudenchuk PJ., Cobb LA., Copass MK., Olsufka M., Maynard C., Nichol G. Transthoracic incremental monophasic versus biphasic defibrillation by emergency responders (TIMBER): A randomized comparison of monophasic with biphasic waveform ascending energy defibrillation for the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 2006; 114(19):2010-8. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Defibrillation efficacy
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Martens P., Russell J., Wolcke B., Paschen H., Kuisma M., Gliner B., Weaver WD., Bossaert L., Chamberlain D., Schneider T. Optimal Response to Cardiac Arrest study: Defibrillation waveform effects. Resuscitation 2001; 49:233-43. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Conversion to organized rhythm at 5s after
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Morrison LJ., Dorian P., Long J., et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest rectilinear biphasic to monophasic damped sine defibrillation waveforms with advanced life support intervention trial (ORBIT). Resuscitation 2005; 66(2):149-57. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Termination of (VF) and (VT)
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Morrison LJ., Henry RM., Ku V., Nolan JP., Morley P., Deakin CD. Single-shock defibrillation success in adult cardiac arrest: A systematic review. Resuscitation 2013; 84(11):1480-6. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Defibrillation efficacy
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Schneider T., Martens PR., Paschen H., et al. Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of 150-J biphasic shocks compared with 200- to 360-J monophasic shocks in the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Optimized Response to Cardiac Srrest (ORCA) investigators. Circulation 2000; 102(15):1780-7. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Watts DD. Defibrillation by basic emergency medical technicians: Effect on survival. Ann Emerg Med. 1995; 26(5):635-639. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Termination of VF, Return of organized rhythm post first shock, ROSC, Survival to DC.
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Wang CH., Huang CH., Chang WT., et al. Biphasic versus monophasic defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med 2013; 31(10):1472-1478. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
ROSC
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Freeman K., Hendey GW., Shalit M., Stroh G. Biphasic defibrillation does not improve outcomes compared to monophasic defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 2008; 12(2):152-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Neurologically favorable 30 day survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Kajino K., Iwami T., Berg RA., et al. Comparison of neurological outcomes following witnessed out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation defibrillated with either biphasic or monophasic automated external defibrillators. Emerg Med J 2009; 26(7):492-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to hospital discharge.
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Nichol G., Stiell IG., Laupacis A., Pham B., De Maio VJ., Wells GA. A cumulative meta-analysis of the effectiveness of defibrillator-capable emergency medical services for victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(4 Pt 1):517-25. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Termination of VF.
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Stothert JC., Hatcher TS., Gupton CL., Love JE., Brewer JE. Rectilinear biphasic waveform defibrillation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 2004; 8(4):388-392. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival at 1 month
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Tanabe S., Yasunaga H., Ogawa T., et al. Comparison of outcomes after use of biphasic or monophasic defibrillators among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: A nationwide population-based observational study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2012; 5(5):689-696. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Optimal first shock energy for biphasic defibrillation
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic & MD
|
Pocock H, Deakin CD, Lall R, Smith CM, Perkins GD. Effectiveness of alternative shock strategies for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review. Resusc Plus 2022; 10:100232. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Sweeney TA., Runge JW., Gibbs MA., et al. EMT defibrillation does not increase survival from sudden cardiac death in a two-tiered urban-suburban EMS system. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31(2):234-240. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Percent efficacy
|
Process
|
OR
|
Bardy GH., Gliner BE., Kudenchuk PJ., et al. Truncated biphasic pulses for transthoracic defibrillation. Circulation 1995; 91(6):1768-74. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Detection ventricular vf/vt-pulseless (shock advised)
|
Process
|
SIM
|
Leng CT., Paradis NA., Calkins H., et al. Resuscitation after prolonged ventricular fibrillation with use of monophasic and biphasic waveform pulses for external defibrillation. Circulation 2000; 101(25):2968-74. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Delayed onset of asystole/PEA
|
Patient
|
|
Scheatzle MD., Menegazzi JJ., Allen TL., et al. Evaluation of biphasic transthoracic defibrillation in an animal model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation. Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6(9):880-6. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Successful defibrillation
|
Patient
|
OR
|
Szili-Torok T., Theuns D., Verblaauw T., et al. Transthoracic defibrillation of short-lasting ventricular fibrillation: A randomised trial for comparison of the efficacy of low-energy biphasic rectilinear and monophasic damped sine shocks. Acta Cardiol 2002; 57(5):329-334. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to Discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
White RD., Asplin BR., Bugliosi TF., Hankins DG. High discharge survival rate after out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation with rapid defibrillation by police and paramedics. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 28(5):480-485. Medline
|
CPR before defibrillation
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Time to intubation
|
Process
|
SIM
|
Baker P., Conway J., Cotton C., Ashby D., Smyth J., Woodman J., Grantham H. Defibrillation versus Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation first for patients with Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests found by Paramedics to be in Ventricular Fibrillation. Resus 2008; 79:424-31. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Freese JP., Jorgenson DB., Liu PY., et al. Waveform analysis-guided treatment versus a standard shock-first protocol for the treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest presenting in ventricular fibrillation: Results of an international randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 2013; 128(9):995-1002. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital d/c
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Jacobs IG., Finn JC., Oxer HF., Jelinek GA. CPR before defibrillation in OOHCA: an RCT. Emerg Med Australas 2005; 17(1):39-45. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital admission
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Jost D., Degrange H., Verret C., Hersan O., et al. DEFI 2005: A randomized controlled trial of the effect of automated external defibrillator cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol on outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ 2010; 121(14)1614-22. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Sustained ROSC
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Ma MH., Chiang WC., Ko PC., et al. A randomized trial of compression first or analyze first strategies in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Results from an asian community. Resuscitation 2012; 83(7):806-12. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Meier P., et al. Chest Compressions before Defibrillation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. BMC 2010; 8:52-65. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Simpson P., et al. Delayed Versus Immediate Defibrillation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest due to Ventricular Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Resus 2010; 81:925-931. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge with satisfactory functional status
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Stiell IG., Nichol G., Leroux BG., et al. Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2011; 365(9):787-797. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Wik L., Hansen T., Fylling F., Steen T., Vaagenes P., Auestad B., Steen P. Delaying Defibrillation to Give Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to Patients With Out-of-hospital Ventricular Fibrillation A Randomized Trail. JAMA 2003; 289(11):1389-1395. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival and neurologic status at hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Cobb LA., Fahrenbruch CE., Walsh TR., et al. Influence of CPR prior to defibrillation in patients with OOH VF. JAMA 1999; 281:1182-8. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
One- month survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Koike S., Tanabe S., Ogawa T., et al. Immediate defibrillation or defibrillation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011; 15(3):393-400. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Defibrillation success
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Eftestol T., Wik L., Sunde K., Steen PA. Effects of CPR on predictors of VF defibrillation during OOHCA. Circulation 2004; 110:10-5. Medline
|
Defibrillation
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Eisenberg MS., Hallstrom AP., Copass MK., Bergner L., Short F., Pierce J. Treatment of ventricular fibrillation. Emergency medical technician defibrillation and paramedic services. JAMA 1984; 251(13):1723-6. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Ventricular fibrillation conversion
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Stiell IG., et al. A randomized comparison of fixed lower vs escalating higher energy levels for defibrillation in OOHCA. Circulation 2007; 115:1511-7. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Good neurological recovery
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Lee SGW, Park JH, Ro YS, Hong KJ, Song KJ, Shin SD. Time to first defibrillation and survival outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with refractory ventricular fibrillation. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 40:96-102. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
|
Nehme Z., Andrew E., Nair R., Bernard S., Smith K. Manual Versus Semiautomatic Rhythm Analysis and Defibrillation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2017; 10(7). Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Stiell IG., Wells GA., Field BJ., et al. Improved out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival through the inexpensive optimization of an existing defibrillation program: OPALS study phase II. Ontario prehospital advanced life support. JAMA 1999; 281(13):1175-1181. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Quality of life
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
van Alem AP., Waalewijn RA., Koster RW., de Vos R. Assessment of quality of life and cognitive function after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with successful resuscitation. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93(2):131-135. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to 1 month post discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Sekimoto M., Rahman M., Noguchi Y., Hira K., Shimbo T., Fukui T. The defibrillation system of basic emergency medical technicians in japan: A comparison with other systems from a 14-year review of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest reports. J Epidemiol 2001; 11(1):29-40. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Interval to first shock
|
Process
|
SIM
|
Verbeek PR., Turner D., Lane CJ., Carter CC. A comparison of two automated external defibrillator algorithms. Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6(6):631-6. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Detection pinion vf/vt-pulseless (shock advised)
|
Process
|
|
Nolan JP., Soar J. Defibrillation in clinical practice. Curr Opinion Crit Care 2009; 15:1070. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival time
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Wang HE., Min A., Hostler D., Chang CC., Callaway CW. Differential effects of out-of-hospital interventions on short- and long-term survival after cardiopulmonary arrest. Resuscitation 2005; 67(1):69-74. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Difference in mean transthoracic impedance
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
White RD., Blackwell TH., Russell JK., Snyder DE., Jorgenson DB. Transthoracic impedance does not affect defibrillation... Resus 2005; 64:63-9. Medline
|
Double Sequential Defibrillation
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
ED-Paramedic & MD
|
Miraglia D, Miguel LA, Alonso W. Double Defibrillation for Refractory In- and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J of Emerg Med (0736-4679) 2020; 59(4):521-41. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
|
Emmerson AC., Whitbread M., Fothergill RT. Double sequential defibrillation therapy for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: The London experience. Resuscitation 2017; 117:97-101. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Neurologically intact survival to hospital discharge.
|
Patient
|
|
Ross EM., Redman TT., Harper SA., Mapp JG., Wampler DA., Miramontes DA. Dual defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A retrospective cohort analysis. Resuscitation 2016; 106:14-7. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Termination of VF
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Cheskes S., Wudwud A., Turner L., McLeod S., Summers J., Morrison LJ., et al. The impact of double sequential external defibrillation on termination of refractory ventricular fibrillation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 139:275-81. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital admission
|
Patient
|
|
Mapp JG, Hans AJ, Darrington AM, Ross EM, Ho CC. Prehospital Double Sequential Defibrillation: A Matched Case-Control Study. Acad Emerg Med. 2018. [Epub ahead of print] Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Choi HJ, Noh H. Successful defibrillation using double sequence defibrillation: Case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100(10):e24992. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival neurologically intact
|
Patient
|
|
El Tawil C., Mrad S., Khishfe BF. Double sequential defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation. Am J Emerg Med 2017; 35(12):1985.e3-4. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
-
|
Patient
|
|
Johnston M., Cheskes S., Ross G., Verbeek PR.. Double Sequential External Defibrillation and Survival from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Case Report. Prehosp Emerg Care 2016; 20(5):662-6. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
|
Lybeck AM., Moy HP., Tan DK. Double Sequential Defibrillation for Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation: A Case Report. Prehosp Emerg Care 2015; 19(4):554-7. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Conversion
|
Patient
|
|
Merlin MA., Tagore A., Bauter R., Arshad FH. A Case Series of Double Sequence Defibrillation. Prehosp Emerg Care 2016; 20(4):550-3. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Termination of shock-resistant VF
|
Patient
|
|
Bell CR., Szulewski A., Brooks SC. Make it two: A case report of dual sequential external defibrillation. CJEM 2017:1-6. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Termination of refractory VF
|
Patient
|
|
Cabanas JG., Myers JB., Williams JG., De Maio VJ., Bachman MW. Double Sequential External Defibrillation in Out-of-Hospital Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation: A Report of Ten Cases. Prehosp Emerg Care 2015; 19(1):126-30. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
|
Cortez E., Krebs W., Davis J., Keseg DP., Panchal AR. Use of double sequential external defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016; 108:82-6. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Miraglia D, Alonso W. A review of pre-hospital case series among those with time to double external defibrillation and neurologic outcomes. Am J Emerg Med 2020. Medline
|
Magnesium
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Allegra J., Lavery R., Cody R., Birnbaum G., Brennan J., Hartman A., Horowitz M., Nashed A., Yablonski M. Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the prehospital setting. Resuscitation 2001; 49:245-9. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC at scene
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Hassan TB., Jagger C., Barnett DB. A randomised trial to investigate the efficacy of magnesium sulphate for refractory ventricular fibrillation. Emerg Med J 2002; 19:57-62. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Feasibility, safety and efficacy
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Longstreth WT Jr., Fahrenbruch CE., Olsufka M., Walsh TR., Copass MK., Cobb LA. Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology 2002; 59(4):506-14. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Thel MC., et al. Randomized trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Lancet 1997; 305:1272-75. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival outcomes (ROSC and survival to discharge)
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Huang Y., He Q., Yang M., Zhan L. Antiarrhythmia drugs for cardiac arrest: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2013; 17(4):R173. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Rhythm post drug administration
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Fatovich DM., Prentice DA., Dobb GJ. Magnesium in cardiac arrest (the magic trial). Resuscitation 1997; 35(3):237-41. Medline
|