Advanced airway
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Alqudah Z, Nehme Z, Williams B, Oteir A, Bernard S, Smith K. Impact of a trauma-focused resuscitation protocol on survival outcomes after traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: An interrupted time series analysis. Resuscitation 2021; 162:104-11. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ED survival
|
Patient
|
ED-Paramedic & MD
|
Cera S, Mostafa G, Sing R, Sarafin J. Physiologic predictors of survival in post-traumatic arrest. The American Surgeon. 2003; 69(2):140–4. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Evans CC., Petersen A., Meier EN., Buick JE., Schreiber M., Kannas D, et al. Prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest: Management and outcomes from the resuscitation outcomes consortium epistry-trauma and PROPHET registries. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2016; 81(2):285-93. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic & MD
|
Nishimura T, Suga M, Nakao A, Ishihara S, Naito H. Prehospital advanced airway management of emergency medical service-witnessed traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: analysis of nationwide trauma registry. Acute Med Surg 2022; 9(1):e786. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital discharge.
|
Patient
|
Other
|
Williamson F, Lawton CF, Wullschleger M. Outcomes in traumatic cardiac arrest patients who underwent advanced life support. Emerg Med Australas 2022. Medline
|
III
|
Opposes (Red)
|
survival
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Seamon MJ, Fisher CA, Gaughan J, Lloyd M, Bradley KM, Santora TA, Pathak AS, Goldberg AJ. Prehospital procedures before emergency department thoracotomy: “scoop and run” saves lives. J Trauma. 2007; 63(1):113–20. Medline
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Wolthers SA, Breindahl N, Jensen TW, Holgersen MG, et al. Prehospital interventions and outcomes in traumatic cardiac arrest: a population-based cohort study using the Danish Helicopter Emergency Medical Services data. Eur J Emerg Med 2024; 31(5):324-31. Medline
|
Epinephrine
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Alqudah Z, Nehme Z, Williams B, Oteir A, Bernard S, Smith K. Impact of a trauma-focused resuscitation protocol on survival outcomes after traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: An interrupted time series analysis. Resuscitation 2021; 162:104-11. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
1-month survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Aoki M, Abe T, Oshima K. Association of Prehospital Epinephrine Administration With Survival Among Patients With Traumatic Cardiac Arrest Caused By Traffic Collisions. Sci Rep 2019 Jul 9;9(1):9922-019-46460-w. Medline
|
II
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Irfan FB., Consunji R., El-Menyar A., George P., Peralta R., Al-Thani H., et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of out-of-hospital traumatic cardiac arrest in Qatar A nationwide population-based study. Int J Cardiol 2017; 240 438-43. Medline
|
II
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Survival 7 days after injury
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Yamamoto R, Suzuki M, Hayashida K, Yoshizawa J, Sakurai A, Kitamura N, et al. Epinephrine during resuscitation of traumatic cardiac arrest and increased mortality: a post hoc analysis of prospective observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2019 Aug 16;27(1):74. Medline
|
Hemorrhage control
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Alqudah Z, Nehme Z, Williams B, Oteir A, Bernard S, Smith K. Impact of a trauma-focused resuscitation protocol on survival outcomes after traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: An interrupted time series analysis. Resuscitation 2021; 162:104-11. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Sustained ROSC
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic & MD
|
Benhamed A, Canon V, Mercier E, Heidet M, Gossiome A, Savary D, et al. Prehospital predictors for return of spontaneous circulation in traumatic cardiac arrest. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 92(3):553–60. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Irfan FB., Consunji R., El-Menyar A., George P., Peralta R., Al-Thani H., et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of out-of-hospital traumatic cardiac arrest in Qatar A nationwide population-based study. Int J Cardiol 2017; 240 438-43. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Evans CC., Petersen A., Meier EN., Buick JE., Schreiber M., Kannas D, et al. Prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest: Management and outcomes from the resuscitation outcomes consortium epistry-trauma and PROPHET registries. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2016; 81(2):285-93. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
ED-MD & CCP
|
Balian F, Garner AA, Weatherall A, Lee A. First experience with the abdominal aortic and junctional tourniquet in prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2020 Nov;156:210-214. Medline
|
HEMS
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to admission
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Barnard EBG, Sandbach DD, Nicholls TL, Wilson AW, Ercole A. Prehospital determinants of successful resuscitation after traumatic and non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Emerg Med J 2019 Jun;36(6):333-339. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
ROSC on scene
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Ter AE, Griggs J., Prentice C., Jeyanathan J., Lyon RM. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest following trauma What does a helicopter emergency medical service offer? Resuscitation 2019; 135 73-79. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge post ROSC
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Houwen T, Popal Z, de Bruijn MAN, Leemeyer A-MR, Peters JH, Terra M, van Lieshout EMM, Verhofstad MHJ, van Vledder MG. Outcomes after Prehospital Traumatic Cardiac Arrest in the Netherlands: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Injury 2021; 52(5):1117–22. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Sustained ROSC
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Ter AE, Griggs J., Prentice C., Jeyanathan J., Lyon RM. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest following trauma What does a helicopter emergency medical service offer? Resuscitation 2019; 135 73-79. Medline
|
Needle Decompression
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Evans CC., Petersen A., Meier EN., Buick JE., Schreiber M., Kannas D, et al. Prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest: Management and outcomes from the resuscitation outcomes consortium epistry-trauma and PROPHET registries. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2016; 81(2):285-93. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Alqudah Z, Nehme Z, Williams B, Oteir A, Bernard S, Smith K. Impact of a trauma-focused resuscitation protocol on survival outcomes after traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: An interrupted time series analysis. Resuscitation 2021; 162:104-11. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Irfan FB., Consunji R., El-Menyar A., George P., Peralta R., Al-Thani H., et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of out-of-hospital traumatic cardiac arrest in Qatar A nationwide population-based study. Int J Cardiol 2017; 240 438-43. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Williamson F, Lawton CF, Wullschleger M. Outcomes in traumatic cardiac arrest patients who underwent advanced life support. Emerg Med Australas 2022. Medline
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Wolthers SA, Breindahl N, Jensen TW, Holgersen MG, et al. Prehospital interventions and outcomes in traumatic cardiac arrest: a population-based cohort study using the Danish Helicopter Emergency Medical Services data. Eur J Emerg Med 2024; 31(5):324-31. Medline
|
Termination of Resuscitation (Blunt)
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
|
Beck B, Bray JE, Cameron P, Straney L, Andrew E, Bernard S, et al. Predicting outcomes in traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: The relevance of Utstein factors. EMJ 2017; 34(12):786-92. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
In-hospital death
|
Process
|
ED-Paramedic & MD
|
Chiang WC, Huang YS, Hsu SH, Chang AM, Ko PC, Wang HC, et al. Performance of a simplified termination of resuscitation rule for adult traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest in the prehospital setting. EMJ 2017; 34(1):39-45. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Huber-Wagner S., et al. Outcome of 757 severely injured patients with traumatic cardiorespiratory arrest. Resus 2007; 75:276-85. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
|
Konesky KL., Guo WA. Revisiting traumatic cardiac arrest: should CPR be initiated? Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2018; 44(6):903-908 Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
non-ROSC
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
-Kuo IM, Chen YF, Chien CY, Hong YW, Kang SC, et al. A novel scoring system using easily assessible predictors of return of spontaneous circulation and mortality in traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2022; 106731. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Functional survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Stratton SJ., Brickett K., Crammer T. Prehospital pulseless, unconscious penetrating trauma victims: Field assessments associated with survival. J of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care 1998; 45:96-100. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Willis CD., Cameron PA., Bernard SA., Fitzgerald M. CPR after traumatic cardiac arrest is not always futile. Injury Int J In 2006; 37:448-454. Medline
|
II
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
|
Evans CC., Petersen A., Meier EN., Buick JE., Schreiber M., Kannas D, et al. Prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest: Management and outcomes from the resuscitation outcomes consortium epistry-trauma and PROPHET registries. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2016; 81(2):285-93. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Israr S, Cook AD, Chapple KM, Jacobs JV, McGeever KP, Tiffany BR, et al. Pulseless electrical activity following traumatic cardiac arrest: Sign of life or death? Injury 2019 Sep;50(9):1507-1510. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Lee JH, Kim YW, Kim TY, Lee S, Do HH, Seo JS, et al. Prehospital Factors Associated with Refractory Traumatic Arrest. Emerg Med Int 2021; 4624746. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
|
Chien CY., Su YC., Lin CC., Kuo CW., Lin SC., Weng YM. Is 15 minutes an appropriate resuscitation duration before termination of a traumatic cardiac arrest? A case-control study. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34(3):505-9. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
6 month neurological outcome
|
Patient
|
|
Duchateau FX., Hamada S., Raux M., Gay M., Mantz J., Paugam BC., et al. Long-term prognosis after out-of-hospital resuscitation of cardiac arrest in trauma patients: prehospital trauma-associated cardiac arrest. EMJ 2017; 34(1):34-8. Medline
|
Termination of Resuscitation (Penetrating)
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
|
Konesky KL., Guo WA. Revisiting traumatic cardiac arrest: should CPR be initiated? Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2018; 44(6):903-908 Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Prehospital factors associated with increased risk of death in trauma patients.
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Lee JH, Kim YW, Kim TY, Lee S, Do HH, Seo JS, et al. Prehospital Factors Associated with Refractory Traumatic Arrest. Emerg Med Int 2021; 4624746. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Functional survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Stratton SJ., Brickett K., Crammer T. Prehospital pulseless, unconscious penetrating trauma victims: Field assessments associated with survival. J of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care 1998; 45:96-100. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Willis CD., Cameron PA., Bernard SA., Fitzgerald M. CPR after traumatic cardiac arrest is not always futile. Injury Int J In 2006; 37:448-454. Medline
|
Thoracostomy
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival rates
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Alqudah Z, Nehme Z, Williams B, Oteir A, Bernard S, Smith K. Impact of a trauma-focused resuscitation protocol on survival outcomes after traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: An interrupted time series analysis. Resuscitation 2021; 162:104-11. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
On-scene ROSC
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & MD
|
Benhamed A, Canon V, Mercier E, Heidet M, Gossiome A, Savary D, et al. Prehospital predictors for return of spontaneous circulation in traumatic cardiac arrest. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 92(3):553–60. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
30 Days survival of OOHCA
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic & MD
|
Savary D, Morin F, Douillet D, Drouet A, Ageron FX, Charvet R, Carneiro B, Metton P, Fadel M, Descatha A. Impact of Specific Emergency Measures on Survival in Out-of-Hospital Traumatic Cardiac Arrest. Prehosp Disaster Med 2022; 37(1):51–6. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Feasibility
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Dickson RL., Gleisberg G., Aiken M., Crocker K., Patrick C., Nichols T., et al. Emergency Medical Services Simple Thoracostomy for Traumatic Cardiac Arrest Postimplementation Experience in a Ground-based Suburban/Rural Emergency Medical Services Agency. J Emerg Med 2018; 55(3) 366-71. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Complications
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Hannon L, St Clair T, Smith K, Fitzgerald M, Mitra B, Olaussen A, et al. Finger thoracostomy in patients with chest trauma performed by paramedics on a helicopter emergency medical service. Emerg Med Australas 2020 Aug;32(4):650-656. Medline
|
Thoracotomy
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Mortality
|
Patient
|
ED-Paramedic & MD
|
Fierro NM, Dhillon NK, Yong FA, Muniz T, Siletz AE, Barmparas G, Ley EJ. No Resuscitative Thoracotomy? When to Stop Chest Compressions After Prehospital Traumatic Cardiac Arrest. Am Surg 2022; 31348221101500. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & MD
|
Almond P, Morton S, OMeara M, Durge N. A 6-year case series of resuscitative thoracotomies performed by a helicopter emergency medical service in a mixed urban and rural area with a comparison of blunt versus penetrating trauma. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2022; 30:1-8. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Mortality
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Liu A, Nguyen J, Ehrlich H, Bisbee C, Santiesteban L, Santos R, et al. Emergency Resuscitative Thoracotomy for Civilian Thoracic Trauma in the Field and Emergency Department Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Surg Res 2022; 273:44–55. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & MD
|
Nevins EJ., Moori PL., Smith-Williams J., Bird NTE., Taylor JV., Misra N. Should pre-hospital resuscitative thoracotomy be reserved only for penetrating chest trauma? European journal of trauma and emergency surgery 2018; 44(6) 811-8. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
PH-MD & CCT
|
Rogerson T, Efstratiades T, Von Oppell U, Davies G, Curtin R. Survival after pre-hospital emergency clamshell thoracotomy for blunt cardiac rupture. Injury 2020 Jan;51(1):122-123. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ROSC
|
Patient
|
PH-MD & CCT
|
Van VM, Van WO, Kooij FO., Peters JH., Van LE, Verhofstad MHJ. Out of hospital thoracotomy for cardiac arrest after penetrating thoracic trauma. Injury 2017; 48(9) 1865-9. Medline
|