Anticholinergic
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Functional neurologic outcome
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Browne GJ., Trieu L., Van Asperen P. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous salbutamol and nebulized ipratropium bromide in early management of severe acute asthma in children presenting to an emergency department. Crit Care Med 2002; 30(2):448-53. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Asthma Severity Score, PEFR
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Calvo GM., Calvo AM., Marin HF., et al. Is it useful to add an anticholinergic treatment to beta 2-adrenergic medication in acute asthma attack? J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 1998; 8:30-4. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
FEV1
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Osmond MH., Klassen TP.. Efficacy of ipratropium bromide in acute childhood asthma: A meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 1995; 2:651-6. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Rate of hospitalization
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Qureshi F., Pestian J., Davis P., et al. Effect of nebulized ipratropium on the hospitalization rates of children with asthma. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(15):1030-5. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
PEFR
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Qureshi F., Zaritsky A., Lakkis H. Efficacy of nebulized ipratropium in severely asthmatic children. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 29:205-11. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to discharge
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Zorc JJ., Pusic MV., Ogborn CJ., et al. Ipratropium bromide added to asthma treatment in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics 1999; 103:748-52. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Improvement in respiratory resistance
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Ducharme FM., Davis GM. Randomized controlled trial of ipratropium bromide and frequent low doses of salbutamol in the management of mild and moderate acute pediatric asthma. J Pediatr 1998; 133:479-85. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Difference in median asthma score at 2 hours
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Upham BD., Mollen CJ., Scarfone RJ., Seiden J., Chew A., Zorc JJ. Nebulized budesonide added to standard pediatric emergency department treatment of acute asthma: a randomized, double-blind trial. Acad Emerg Med 2011; 18(7):665-673. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Admission to hospital
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Wyatt EL., Borland ML., Doyle SK., Geelhoed GC. Metered-dose inhaler ipratropium bromide in moderate acute asthma in children: A single-blinded randomised controlled trial. J Paediatr Child Health 2015; 51(2):192-198. Medline
|
Beta Agonist-MDI
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to conversion
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Avila-Castanon L., Casas-Becerra B., Del Rio-Navarro BE., Velazquez-Armenta Y., Sienra-Monge JJ. Formoterol vs. albuterol administered via Turbuhaler system in the emergency treatment of acute asthma in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2004; 32(1):18-20. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Asthma Severity Score
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Chou KJ., Cunningham SJ., Crain EF. Metered-dose inhalers with spacers vs nebulizers for pediatric asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995; 149(2):201-5. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Cardioversion rates
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Rodrigo GJ., Neffen H., Colodenco FD., Castro-Rodriguez JA. Formoterol for acute asthma in the emergency department: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 104(3):247-52. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Respiratory rate 60 minutes post intervention
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Williams JR., Bothner JP., Swanton RD. Delivery of albuterol in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 1996; 12:263-7. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Correction of bronchoconstriction
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Quezada A., Mallol J., Moreno J., et al. Effect of different inhaled bronchodilators on recovery from methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999; 28:125-9. Medline
|
Beta Agonist-Nebulized
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Treatment failure
|
Patient
|
Other
|
Baggott C, Hardy JK, Sparks J, Sabbagh D, Beasley R, Weatherall M, et al. Epinephrine (adrenaline) compared to selective beta-2-agonist in adults or children with acute asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2021. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Efficacy and safety
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Becker AB., Nelson NA., Simons FE. Inhaled salbutamol (albuterol) vs injected epinephrine in the treatment of acute asthma in children. J Pediat 1983; 102:465-9. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Asthma Severity Score, PEFR
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Calvo GM., Calvo AM., Marin HF., et al. Is it useful to add an anticholinergic treatment to beta 2-adrenergic medication in acute asthma attack? J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 1998; 8:30-4. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Asthma Severity Score
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Chou KJ., Cunningham SJ., Crain EF. Metered-dose inhalers with spacers vs nebulizers for pediatric asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995; 149(2):201-5. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Peak flow
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Gutglass DJ., Hampers L., Roosevelt G., Teoh D., Nimmagadda SR., Krug SE. Undiluted albuterol aerosols in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics 2000; 105(5):E67. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Mull CC., Scarfone RJ., Ferri LR., et al. A randomized trial of nebulized epinephrine vs albuterol in the emergency department treatment of bronchiolitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158(2):113-8. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Spirometric measures
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Rodrigo GJ., Neffen H., Colodenco FD., Castro-Rodriguez JA. Formoterol for acute asthma in the emergency department: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 104(3):247-52. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Difference in median asthma score at 2 hours
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Upham BD., Mollen CJ., Scarfone RJ., Seiden J., Chew A., Zorc JJ. Nebulized budesonide added to standard pediatric emergency department treatment of acute asthma: a randomized, double-blind trial. Acad Emerg Med 2011; 18(7):665-673. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
ED discharge after single treatment
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Walsh P., Caldwell J., McQuillan KK., Friese S., Robbins D., Rothenberg SJ. Comparison of nebulized epinephrine to albuterol in bronchiolitis. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15(4):305-313. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
FEV1
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Wilkinson M., Bulloch B., Garcia-Filion P., Keahey L. Efficacy of racemic albuterol versus levalbuterol used as a continuous nebulization for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. J Asthma 2011; 48(2):188-193. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
PEFR
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Williams JR., Bothner JP., Swanton RD. Delivery of albuterol in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 1996; 12:263-7. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Hospitalization rate
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Carl JC., Myers TR., Kirchner HL., Kercsmar CM. Comparison of racemic albuterol and levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. J Pediatr 2003; 143(6):731-6. Medline
|
Epinephrine-Nebulized
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Change in respiratory distress
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Grewal S., Ali S., McConnell DW., Vandermeer B., Klassen TP. A randomized trial of nebulized 3% hypertonic saline with epinephrine in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in the emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009; 163(11):1007-12. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Mull CC., Scarfone RJ., Ferri LR., et al. A randomized trial of nebulized epinephrine vs albuterol in the emergency department treatment of bronchiolitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158(2):113-8. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Pulmonary index score
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Plint A., Osmond M., Klassen T. The efficacy of nebulized racemic epinephrine in children with acute asthma: A randomized, double-blind trial. Academy Emerg Med 2000; 7:1097-103. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Futility
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Walsh P., Caldwell J., McQuillan KK., Friese S., Robbins D., Rothenberg SJ. Comparison of nebulized epinephrine to albuterol in bronchiolitis. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15(4):305-313. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Hospital admission
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Hariprakash S., Alexander J., Carroll W., et al. Randomized controlled trial of nebulized adrenaline in acute bronchiolitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2003; 14(2):134-9. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Improvement in mean respiratory rate, mean oxygen saturation value and severity score
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Simsek-Kiper PO., Kiper N., Hascelik G., et al. Emergency room management of acute bronchiolitis: A randomized trial of nebulized epinephrine. Turk J Pediatr.\ 2011; 53(6):651-660. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Representation post treatment
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Udoh I, Heegeman D, Ravi S. Retrospective Evaluation of Return Rates in Pediatric Patients Treated With Inhaled Racemic Epinephrine for Croup. WMJ 2022; 121(1):26–9. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
DC from ED
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Ledwith CA., Shea LM., Mauro RD. Safety and efficacy of nebulized racemic epinephrine in conjunction with oral dexamethasone and mist in the outpatient treatment of croup. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25(3):331-337. Medline
|
High flow nasal cannula
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Efficacy and safety
|
Patient
|
|
Vitaliti G., Vitaliti MC., Finocchiaro MC., Di SV., Pavone P., Matin N., et al. Randomized Comparison of Helmet CPAP Versus High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen in Pediatric Respiratory Distress. Respir Care 2017; 62(8):1036-1042. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Safety, clinical effects and tolerance in children beyond the newborn period
|
Patient
|
|
Mikalsen IB., Davis P., Oymar K. High flow nasal cannula in children: a literature review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2016; 24:93-016-0278-4. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Decrease in pulmonary score =2
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Ballestero Y., De Pedro J., Portillo N., Martinez-Mugica O., Arana-Arri E., Benito J. Pilot Clinical Trial of High-Flow Oxygen Therapy in Children with Asthma in the Emergency Service. J Pediatr 2018; 194:204-10.e3. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Work of breathing
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Davison M, Watson M, Wockner L, Kinnear F. Paediatric high-flow nasal cannula therapy in children with bronchiolitis: A retrospective safety and efficacy study in a non-tertiary environment. Emergency medicine Australasia: EMA 2017; 29(2):198-203. Medline
|
Hypertonic Saline-Nebulized
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Bronchiolitis severity score
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Al-Ansari K., Sakran M., Davidson BL., El Sayyed R., Mahjoub H., Ibrahim K. Nebulized 5% or 3% hypertonic or 0.9% saline for treating acute bronchiolitis in infants. J Pediatr 2010; 157(4):630-4. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Hospital admission
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Wu S., Baker C., Lang ME., et al. Nebulized hypertonic saline for bronchiolitis: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168(7):657-63. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Hospital admission up to 24 hours after enrollment in the study
|
Process
|
|
Angoulvant F, Bellĕttre X, Milcent K, Teglas JP, Claudet I, Le GC, et al. Effect of Nebulized Hypertonic Saline Treatment in Emergency Departments on the Hospitalization Rate for Acute Bronchiolitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA pediatrics 2017; 171(8):e171333. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Respiratory scoring
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Florin TA., Shaw KN., Kittick M., Yakscoe S., Zorc JJ. Nebulized hypertonic saline for bronchiolitis in the emergency department: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168(7):664-70. Medline
|
Magnesium Sulfate-IV
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Efficacy
|
Patient
|
|
Su Z., Li R., Gai Z. Intravenous and Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate for Treating Acute Asthma in Children A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatric Emergency Care 2016; 00:00. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Odds of admission to hospital
|
Process
|
|
Griffiths B., Kew KM., Normansell R. Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating children with acute asthma in the emergency department. Paediatr Respir Rev 2016; 20:45-7. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Admission to hospital
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Rowe B., Bretzlaff J., Bourdon C., et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate treatment for acute asthma in the emergency department: A systematic review of the literature. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 36:181-90. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Pulmonary Index Score
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Scarfone RJ., Loiselle JM., Joffe MD., Mull CC., Stiller S., Thompson K., et al. A randomized trial of magnesium in the emergency department treatment of children with asthma. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 36(6):572-8. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
ICU admission avoidance/frequency
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Forster BL, Thomas F, Arnold SR, Snider MA. Early Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Administration in the Emergency Department for Severe Asthma Exacerbations. Pediatr Emerg Care July 2023; 39(7):524-9. Medline
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Irazuzta JE., Paredes F., Pavlicich V., Dominguez SL. High-Dose Magnesium Sulfate Infusion for Severe Asthma in the Emergency Department: Efficacy Study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17(2):e29-33. Medline
|
Oxygen-Humidified
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Bronchiolitis severity score
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Al-Ansari K., Sakran M., Davidson BL., El Sayyed R., Mahjoub H., Ibrahim K. Nebulized 5% or 3% hypertonic or 0.9% saline for treating acute bronchiolitis in infants. J Pediatr 2010; 157(4):630-4. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Hospital Admission
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Hariprakash S., Alexander J., Carroll W., et al. Randomized controlled trial of nebulized adrenaline in acute bronchiolitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2003; 14(2):134-9. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Feasibility
|
Process
|
|
Long E., Babl FE., Duke T. Is there a role for humidified heated high-flow nasal cannula therapy in paediatric emergency departments? Emerg Med J 2016; 33(6):386-9. Medline
|
Steroids-Inhaled
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Mortality
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Edmonds ML., Camargo CA. Jr, Pollack CV. Jr, Rowe BH. Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 3(3):CD002308. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Hospital admission
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Edmonds ML., Camargo CA. Jr, Pollack CV. Jr, Rowe BH. The effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 40(2):145-54. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Difference in median asthma score at 2 hours
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Upham BD., Mollen CJ., Scarfone RJ., Seiden J., Chew A., Zorc JJ. Nebulized budesonide added to standard pediatric emergency department treatment of acute asthma: a randomized, double-blind trial. Acad Emerg Med 2011; 18(7):665-673. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Hospitalization
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Riney L, Palmer S, Finlay E, et al. EMS Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids to Pediatric Asthma Patients: An Analysis by Severity and Transport Interval. Prehosp Emerg Care July 2023; 1-8. Medline
|
Steroids-Oral
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Hospital admission
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Edmonds ML., Camargo CA. Jr, Pollack CV. Jr, Rowe BH. The effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 40(2):145-54. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Pulmonary function
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Rowe BH., Kell JL., Oxman AD. Effectiveness of steroid therapy in acute exacerbations of asthma: A meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10:301-10. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Hospital Admission Rate
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Rowe BH., Spooner C., Ducharme FM., Bretzlaff JA., Bota GW. Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 1(1):CD002178. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Day until baseline
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Altamimi S., Robertson G., Jastaniah W., Davey A., Dehghani N., Chen R., et al. Single-dose oral dexamethasone in the emergency management of children with exacerbations of mild to moderate asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care 2006; 22(12):786-93. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
time to transition from IV to oral diuretics
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Corneli HM., Zorc JJ., Mahajan P., et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of dexamethasone for bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med 2007; 57(4):331-9. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Relapse within 10 days
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Greenberg RA., Kerby G., Roosevelt GE. A comparison of oral dexamethasone with oral prednisone in pediatric asthma exacerbations treated in the emergency department. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2008; 47(8):817-23. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Hospital Admission
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Scarfone RJ., Fuchs SM., Nager AL., Shane SA. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in the emergency department treatment of children with acute asthma. Pediatrics 1993; 92(4):513-8. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to clinical improvement, time to discharge, admission rate
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Zemek R., Plint A., Osmond MH., Kovesi T., Correll R., Perri N., et al. Triage nurse initiation of corticosteroids in pediatric asthma is associated with improved emergency department efficiency. Pediatrics 2012; 129(4):671-680. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Hospitalization
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Riney L, Palmer S, Finlay E, et al. EMS Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids to Pediatric Asthma Patients: An Analysis by Severity and Transport Interval. Prehosp Emerg Care July 2023; 1-8. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
DC from ED
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Ledwith CA., Shea LM., Mauro RD. Safety and efficacy of nebulized racemic epinephrine in conjunction with oral dexamethasone and mist in the outpatient treatment of croup. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25(3):331-337. Medline
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Riney L, Palmer S, Finlay E, et al. EMS Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids to Pediatric Asthma Patients: An Analysis by Severity and Transport Interval. Prehosp Emerg Care July 2023; 1-8. Medline
|
Steroids-Parenteral
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Hospital admission
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Edmonds ML., Camargo CA. Jr, Pollack CV. Jr, Rowe BH. The effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 40(2):145-54. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Pulmonary function
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Rowe BH., Kell JL., Oxman AD. Effectiveness of steroid therapy in acute exacerbations of asthma: A meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10:301-10. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Hospital admission
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Tal A., Levy N., Bearman JE. Methylprednisolone therapy for acute asthma in infants and toddlers: A controlled clinical trial. Pediatrics 1990; 86:350-6. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Hospital admission
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Wolfson DH., Nypaver MM., Blaser M., Hogan A., Evans R.,3rd, Davis AT. A controlled trial of methylprednisolone in the early emergency department treatment of acute asthma in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 1994; 10(6):335-338. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Hospital admission
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Bhogal SK., McGillivray D., Bourbeau J., Benedetti A., Bartlett S., Ducharme FM. Early administration of systemic corticosteroids reduces hospital admission rates for children with moderate and severe asthma exacerbation. Ann Emerg Med 2012; 60(1):84-91.e3. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Hospital admission
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Riney L, Palmer S, Finlay E, et al. EMS Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids to Pediatric Asthma Patients: An Analysis by Severity and Transport Interval. Prehosp Emerg Care July 2023; 1-8. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Hospital admission to ward
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Fishe JN, Garvan G, Bertrand A, et al. Early Administration of Steroids in the Ambulance Setting: An Observational Design Trial (EASI-AS-ODT). Acad Emerg Med October 2023. Medline
|