Diazepam-IV
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Cessation
|
Patient
|
|
Appleton R., Martland T., Phillips B. Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002; (4). Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time from arrival at hospital to starting treatment
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Lahat E., Goldman M., et al. Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating febrile seizures in children: prospective randomised study BMJ 2000; 32:83-86 Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to seizure cessation
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
McMullan JT. Midazolam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus in children and young adults: a meta-analysis. Academic Emerg Med 2010; (17):575. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Termination of seizure
|
Patient
|
|
Wu W., Zhang L., Xue R. Lorazepam or diazepam for convulsive status epilepticus: A meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 29:133-138. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Length of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Alldredge BK., Wall DB., Ferriero DM. Effect of prehospital treatment on the outcome of status epilepticus in children. Pediatr Neurol 1995; 12:213-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to cessation
|
Process
|
|
Appleton R., Sweeney A., Choonara I., et al. Lorazepam versus diazepam in the acute treatment of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus. Developmental Med and Child Neurology 1995; 37:682-8. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Feasibility, effectiveness and safety, termination of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Dieckmann RA. Rectal diazepam for prehospital pediatric status epilepticus. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23:216-24. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to seizure cessation
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Mahmoudian T., Zadeh MM. Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating acute seizures in children. Epilepsy Behav 2004; 5(2):253-5. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Cessation of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Rainbow J., Browne GJ., Lam LT. Controlling seizures in the prehospital setting: Diazepam or midazolam? Journal of Paedtrics and Child Health 2002; 38:582-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Duration of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Seinfeld S., Shinnar S., Sun S., et al. Emergency management of febrile status epilepticus: Results of the FEBSTAT study. Epilepsia 2014; 55(3):388-395. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Occurrence of apnea
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Bosson N., Khodabakhsh D., Kaji AH., Lee J., Squire B., Gausche-Hill M. Risk factors for apnea in children presenting with out-of-hospital seizure. Pediatr Emerg Care 2014; 30(9):617-20. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Need for re-dose
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Ramgopal S, Martin-Gill C. Prehospital Seizure Management in Children: An Evaluation of a Nationally Representative Sample. J Pediatr March 2023; 113379. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Time to cessation
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Chamberlain JM., Altieri MA., Futterman C., et al. A prospective, randomized study comparing intramuscular midazolam with intravenous diazepam for the treatment of seizures in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 1997; 13:92-4. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Rates of ETI
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Chiulli DA., Terndrup TE., Kanter RK. The influence of diazepam or lorazepam on the frequency of endotracheal intubation in childhood status epilepticus. J Emerg Med 1991; 9:13-7. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Rate of ETI
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Galustyan SG., Walsh-Kelly CM., Szewczuga D., Bergholte J., Hennes H. The short-term outcome of seizure management by prehospital personnel. Ped Emerg Care 2003; 19:221-5. Medline
|
|
III
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Incidence of ETI
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Orr RA., Dimand RJ., Venkataraman ST., et al. Diazepam and intubation in emergency treatment of seizures in children. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20:1009-13. Medline
|
Diazepam-PR
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Cessation
|
Patient
|
|
Appleton R., Martland T., Phillips B. Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002; (4). Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to seizure cessation
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
McMullan JT. Midazolam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus in children and young adults: a meta-analysis. Academic Emerg Med 2010; (17):575. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Efficacy and adverse effects
|
Patient
|
In-Patient
|
Scott RC., Besag FM., Neville BG. Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353(9153):623-6. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Therapeutic success
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
McIntyre J., Robertson S., Norris E., et al. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366(948):205-10. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Length of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Alldredge BK., Wall DB., Ferriero DM. Effect of prehospital treatment on the outcome of status epilepticus in children. Pediatr Neurol 1995; 12:213-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to cessation
|
Process
|
|
Appleton R., Sweeney A., Choonara I., et al. Lorazepam versus diazepam in the acute treatment of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus. Developmental Med and Child Neurology 1995; 37:682-8. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Resolving seizure activity.
|
Patient
|
OR
|
Baysun S., Aydin OF., Atmaca E., Gurer YK. A comparison of buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for the acute treatment of seizures. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2005; 44(9):771-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Feasibility, effectiveness and safety, termination of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Dieckmann RA. Rectal diazepam for prehospital pediatric status epilepticus. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23:216-24. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Cessation of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Rainbow J., Browne GJ., Lam LT. Controlling seizures in the prehospital setting: Diazepam or midazolam? Journal of Paedtrics and Child Health 2002; 38:582-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Efficacy and adverse event
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Warden CR., Frederick C. Midazolam and Diazepam for Pediatric Seizures in the Prehospital Setting. Prehosp Emer Care 2006; 10:4:463-7. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Seizure termination
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Chin RF., Neville BG., Peckham C., Wade A., Bedford H., Scott RC. Treatment of community-onset, childhood convulsive status epilepticus: A prospective, population-based study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7(8):696-703. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
1) Time to seizure resolution 2)Presence of a seizure in the ED
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Holsti M., Sill BL., Firth SD., Filloux FM., Joyce SM., Furnival RA. Prehospital intranasal midazolam for the treatment of pediatric seizures. Pediatric Emergency Care 2007; 23(3):148-153. Medline
|
|
II
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Occurrence of apnea
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Bosson N., Khodabakhsh D., Kaji AH., Lee J., Squire B., Gausche-Hill M. Risk factors for apnea in children presenting with out-of-hospital seizure. Pediatr Emerg Care 2014; 30(9):617-20. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Seizure cessation
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Sykes RM., Okonofua JA. Rectal diazepam solution in the treatment of convulsions in the children's emergency room. Ann Trop Paediatr 1988; 8(4):259-261. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Rate of ETI
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Galustyan SG., Walsh-Kelly CM., Szewczuga D., Bergholte J., Hennes H. The short-term outcome of seizure management by prehospital personnel. Ped Emerg Care 2003; 19:221-5. Medline
|
Lorazepam-IV
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Cessation
|
Patient
|
|
Appleton R., Martland T., Phillips B. Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002; (4). Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Termination of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Silbergleit R., Durkalski V., Lowenstein D., Conwit R., Pancioli A., Palesch Y., et al. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2012; 366(7):591-600. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Termination of seizure
|
Patient
|
|
Wu W., Zhang L., Xue R. Lorazepam or diazepam for convulsive status epilepticus: A meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 29:133-138. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to cessation
|
Process
|
|
Appleton R., Sweeney A., Choonara I., et al. Lorazepam versus diazepam in the acute treatment of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus. Developmental Med and Child Neurology 1995; 37:682-8. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Seizure termination
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Chin RF., Neville BG., Peckham C., Wade A., Bedford H., Scott RC. Treatment of community-onset, childhood convulsive status epilepticus: A prospective, population-based study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7(8):696-703. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Seizure cessation
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Hasan SU, Pervez A, Bhatty S, Shamim S, Naeem A, Naseeb MW. Termination of seizures in the paediatric age group, best benzodiazepine and route of administration: A network meta-analysis. Eur J Neurosci. 2022 Aug;56(3):4234-4245. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15732. Epub 2022 Jun 17. PMID: 35674673. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Duration of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Seinfeld S., Shinnar S., Sun S., et al. Emergency management of febrile status epilepticus: Results of the FEBSTAT study. Epilepsia 2014; 55(3):388-395. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Need for re-dose
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Ramgopal S, Martin-Gill C. Prehospital Seizure Management in Children: An Evaluation of a Nationally Representative Sample. J Pediatr March 2023; 113379. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Rates of ETI
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Chiulli DA., Terndrup TE., Kanter RK. The influence of diazepam or lorazepam on the frequency of endotracheal intubation in childhood status epilepticus. J Emerg Med 1991; 9:13-7. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Effectiveness
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Welch RD., Nicholas K., Durkalski-Mauldin VL., et al. Intramuscular midazolam versus intravenous lorazepam for the prehospital treatment of status epilepticus in the pediatric population. Epilepsia 2015; 56(2):254-262. Medline
|
Midazolam-Buccal
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Therapeutic success
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
McIntyre J., Robertson S., Norris E., et al. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366(948):205-10. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to seizure cessation
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
McMullan JT. Midazolam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus in children and young adults: a meta-analysis. Academic Emerg Med 2010; (17):575. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Efficacy and adverse effects
|
Patient
|
In-Patient
|
Scott RC., Besag FM., Neville BG. Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353(9153):623-6. Medline
|
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Mohammed MZ, Elagouza I, El Gaafary M, El-Garhy R, El-Rashidy O. Intranasal Versus Buccal Versus Intramuscular Midazolam for the Home and Emergency Treatment of Acute Seizures in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatr Neurol. July 2024; 158:135-43. Medline
|
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Ueda T, Nishiyama M, Yamaguchi H, et al. Efficacy and safety of buccal midazolam for seizures outside the hospital: Real-world clinical experience. Brain Dev Sept 2024. Medline
|
Midazolam-IM
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to seizure cessation
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
McMullan JT. Midazolam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus in children and young adults: a meta-analysis. Academic Emerg Med 2010; (17):575. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Termination of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Silbergleit R., Durkalski V., Lowenstein D., Conwit R., Pancioli A., Palesch Y., et al. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2012; 366(7):591-600. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Cessation of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Rainbow J., Browne GJ., Lam LT. Controlling seizures in the prehospital setting: Diazepam or midazolam? Journal of Paedtrics and Child Health 2002; 38:582-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Need for re-dose
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Ramgopal S, Martin-Gill C. Prehospital Seizure Management in Children: An Evaluation of a Nationally Representative Sample. J Pediatr March 2023; 113379. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Repeat dosing
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Ramgopal S, Owusu-Ansah S, Crowe RP, Okubo M, Martin-Gill C. Association of midazolam route of administration and need for recurrent dosing among children with seizures cared for by emergency medical services. Epilepsia. March 2024. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Effectiveness
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Vilke GM., Sharieff GQ., Marino A., Gerhart AE., Chan TC. Midazolam for the treatment of out-of-hospital pediatric seizures. Prehosp Emerg Care 2002; 6(2):215-217. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Efficacy and adverse event
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Warden CR., Frederick C. Midazolam and Diazepam for Pediatric Seizures in the Prehospital Setting. Prehosp Emer Care 2006; 10:4:463-7. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Need for additional doses
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Shavit D, Strugo R, Siman-Tov M, Nov S, Shavit I. Assessment of First-line Therapy With Midazolam for Prehospital Seizures in Children. JAMA Netw Open April 2023; 6(4):e236990. Medline
|
|
II
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Occurrence of apnea
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Bosson N., Santillanes G., Kaji AH., Fang A., Fernando T., Huang M., Gausche-Hill M. Risk factors for apnea in pediatric patients transported by paramedics for out-of-hospital seizure. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2014; 63(3):302-8. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to cessation
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Chamberlain JM., Altieri MA., Futterman C., et al. A prospective, randomized study comparing intramuscular midazolam with intravenous diazepam for the treatment of seizures in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 1997; 13:92-4. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Effectiveness
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Welch RD., Nicholas K., Durkalski-Mauldin VL., et al. Intramuscular midazolam versus intravenous lorazepam for the prehospital treatment of status epilepticus in the pediatric population. Epilepsia 2015; 56(2):254-262. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Need for respiratory support
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Pfeiffer CK, Smith K, Bernard S, Dalziel SR, Hearps S, Geis T, Kabesch M, Babl FE; PREDICT Network. Prehospital benzodiazepine use and need for respiratory support in paediatric seizures. Emerg Med J 2022. Medline
|
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Mohammed MZ, Elagouza I, El Gaafary M, El-Garhy R, El-Rashidy O. Intranasal Versus Buccal Versus Intramuscular Midazolam for the Home and Emergency Treatment of Acute Seizures in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatr Neurol. July 2024; 158:135-43. Medline
|
Midazolam-IN
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
seizure cessation
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Hasan SU, Pervez A, Bhatty S, Shamim S, Naeem A, Naseeb MW. Termination of seizures in the paediatric age group, best benzodiazepine and route of administration: A network meta-analysis. Eur J Neurosci. 2022 Aug;56(3):4234-4245. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15732. Epub 2022 Jun 17. PMID: 35674673. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time from arrival at hospital to starting treatment
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Lahat E., Goldman M., et al. Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating febrile seizures in children: prospective randomised study BMJ 2000; 32:83-86 Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to seizure cessation
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
McMullan JT. Midazolam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus in children and young adults: a meta-analysis. Academic Emerg Med 2010; (17):575. Medline
|
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Cessation of seizures
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Thakker A., Shanbag P. A randomized controlled trial of intranasal-midazolam versus intravenous-diazepam for acute childhood seizures. J Neurol 2013; 260(2):470-474. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
1) Time to seizure resolution 2)Presence of a seizure in the ED
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Holsti M., Sill BL., Firth SD., Filloux FM., Joyce SM., Furnival RA. Prehospital intranasal midazolam for the treatment of pediatric seizures. Pediatric Emergency Care 2007; 23(3):148-153. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to seizure cessation
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Mahmoudian T., Zadeh MM. Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating acute seizures in children. Epilepsy Behav 2004; 5(2):253-5. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Need for re-dose
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Ramgopal S, Martin-Gill C. Prehospital Seizure Management in Children: An Evaluation of a Nationally Representative Sample. J Pediatr March 2023; 113379. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Need for additional doses
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Shavit D, Strugo R, Siman-Tov M, Nov S, Shavit I. Assessment of First-line Therapy With Midazolam for Prehospital Seizures in Children. JAMA Netw Open April 2023; 6(4):e236990. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Redosing
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Whitfield D, Bosson N, Kaji AH, Gausche-Hill M. The Effectiveness of Intranasal Midazolam for the Treatment of Prehospital Pediatric Seizures: A Non-inferiority Study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021:1-9. Medline
|
|
II
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Occurrence of apnea
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Bosson N., Santillanes G., Kaji AH., Fang A., Fernando T., Huang M., Gausche-Hill M. Risk factors for apnea in pediatric patients transported by paramedics for out-of-hospital seizure. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2014; 63(3):302-8. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Acceptability
|
Process
|
In-Patient
|
Harbord MG., Kyrkou NE., Kyrkou MR., et al. Use of intranasal midazolam to treat acute seizures in paediatric community settings. Paediatr. Child Health 2004; 40:556-8. Medline
|
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Ramgopal S, Owusu-Ansah S, Crowe RP, Okubo M, Martin-Gill C. Association of midazolam route of administration and need for recurrent dosing among children with seizures cared for by emergency medical services. Epilepsia. March 2024. Medline
|
Midazolam-IV
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Cessation of seizure
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Rainbow J., Browne GJ., Lam LT. Controlling seizures in the prehospital setting: Diazepam or midazolam? Journal of Paedtrics and Child Health 2002; 38:582-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Need for re-dose
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Ramgopal S, Martin-Gill C. Prehospital Seizure Management in Children: An Evaluation of a Nationally Representative Sample. J Pediatr March 2023; 113379. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Need for additional doses
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Ramgopal S, Owusu-Ansah S, Crowe RP, Okubo M, Martin-Gill C. Association of midazolam route of administration and need for recurrent dosing among children with seizures cared for by emergency medical services. Epilepsia. March 2024. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Need for resucue therepy
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Shavit D, Strugo R, Siman-Tov M, Nov S, Shavit I. Assessment of First-line Therapy With Midazolam for Prehospital Seizures in Children. JAMA Netw Open April 2023; 6(4):e236990. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Effectiveness
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Vilke GM., Sharieff GQ., Marino A., Gerhart AE., Chan TC. Midazolam for the treatment of out-of-hospital pediatric seizures. Prehosp Emerg Care 2002; 6(2):215-217. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Need for respiratory support
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Pfeiffer CK, Smith K, Bernard S, Dalziel SR, Hearps S, Geis T, Kabesch M, Babl FE; PREDICT Network. Prehospital benzodiazepine use and need for respiratory support in paediatric seizures. Emerg Med J 2022. Medline
|
|
II
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Occurrence of apnea
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Bosson N., Santillanes G., Kaji AH., Fang A., Fernando T., Huang M., Gausche-Hill M. Risk factors for apnea in pediatric patients transported by paramedics for out-of-hospital seizure. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2014; 63(3):302-8. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Need for second dose
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Guterman EL, Sanford JK, Betjemann JP, Zhang L, Burke JF, Lowenstein DH, et al. Prehospital midazolam use and outcomes among patients with out-of-hospital status epilepticus. Neurology 2020; 95(24):e3203-12. Medline
|
Point of Care Blood Glucose Monitoring
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
II
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Time to benzodiazepine administration
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Beskind DL., Rhodes SM., Stolz U., et al. When should you test for and treat hypoglycemia in prehospital seizure patients? Prehosp Emerg Care 2014; 18(3):433-41. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Compliance
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Burroughs ZT, Mitchell MS, Hiestand B, Winslow J. Prehospital Care of Pediatric Hypoglycemic Seizure Patients in the State of North Carolina: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Academic emergency medicine 2019. Medline
|
|
III
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Prevalence of hypoglycemia
|
Process
|
|
Remick K., Redgate C., Ostermayer D., Kaji AH., Gausche-Hill M. Prehospital Glucose Testing for Children with Seizures: A Proposed Change in Management. Prehosp Emerg Care 2017; 21(2):216-21. Medline
|