Blood transfusion
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Safety
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Shirek G, Phillips R, Shahi N, Pickett K, Meier M, Recicar J, et al. To give or not to give? Blood for pediatric trauma patients prior to pediatric trauma center arrival. Pediatr Surg Int 2022; 38(2):285–93. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Recovery
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Dix A, Jones B, Gormley MA, Schwerin DL, Gates R, Beltran GW. Prehospital Blood Administration in Pediatric Patients: A Case Report. Prehosp Emerg Care March 2023; 1-7. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Safety
|
Patient
|
PH-MD & CCT
|
Fahy AS., Thiels CA., Polites SF., Parker M., Ishitani MB., Moir CR., et al. Prehospital blood transfusions in pediatric trauma and nontrauma patients a single-center review of safety and outcomes. Pediatr Surg Int 2017; 33(7) 787-92 Medline
|
C-Spine Clearance
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Agreement b/w EMS and ED MD risk of CSI.
|
Process
|
ED-Paramedic & MD
|
Browne LR., Schwartz H., Ahmad FA., Wallendorf M., Kuppermann N., Lerner EB., et al. Interobserver Agreement in Pediatric Cervical Spine Injury Assessment Between Prehospital and Emergency Department Providers. Academic emergency medicine 2017; 24(12) 1501-10. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Safety
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Muhr MD., Seabrook DL., Wittwer LK. Paramedic use of a spinal injury clearance algorithm reduces spinal immobilization in the out-of-hospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999; 3:1-6. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Safety
|
Patient
|
|
Pieretti-Vanmarke R., et al. Clinical clearance of the c-spine in blunt trauma patients younger than 3 years: a multi-centre study of the American Assoc for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma 2009; 67:543-50. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Identification of spinal injury
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Domeier RM., Evans RW., Swor RA., et al. The reliability of prehospital clinical evaluation for potential spinal injury is not affected by the mechanism of injury. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999; 3:332-7. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Kappa
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Meldon SW., Brant TA., Cydulka RK., et al. Out-of-hospital cervical spine clearance: Agreement between emergency medical technicians and emergency physicians. J Trauma: Inj, Infec and Crit Care 1998; 45(6):1058-61. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Kappa
|
Patient
|
SIM
|
Sahni R., Menegazzi JJ., Mosesso VN. Paramedic evaluation of clinical indicators of cervical spinal injury. Prehosp Emerg Care 1997; 1(1):16-8. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Efficacy in detecting injury
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Bailey RS, Klein R, de Los Cobos D, Geraud S, Puryear A. A Retrospective Look at a Cervical Spine Clearance Protocol in Pediatric Trauma Patients at a Level-1 Trauma Center. J Pediatr Orthop 2022; 42(6):e607–11. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
C-spine injury on radiography
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Viccellio P., Simon H., Pressman BD., Shah MN., Mower WR., Hoffman JR. A prospective multicenter study of cervical spine injury in children. Pediatrics 2001; 108:e20. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Identification of spinal injury
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Domeier RM., Evans RW., Swor RA., et al. Prehospital clinical findings associated with spinal injury. Prehosp Emerg Care 1997; 1:11-5. Medline
|
Fentanyl
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Analgesia
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Borland M., Jacobs I., King B., O'Brien D. A RCT comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in children in the ED. Ann Emerg Med 2007; 49:335-40. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Pain scores at time zero and every 10 min until 30 min
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Borland M., Milsom S., Esson A. Equivalency of two concentrations of fentanyl administered by the intranasal route for acute analgesia in children in a paediatric emergency department: A randomized controlled trial. Emerg Med Australas 2011; 23(2):202-8. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Reduction in pain
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Furyk JS., Grabowski WJ., Black LH. Nebulized fentanyl versus intravenous morphine in children with suspected limb fractures in the emergency department: A randomized controlled trial. Emerg Med Australas 2009; 21(3):203-9. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Rates of adverse events within 60 minutes
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Reynolds SL., Bryant KK., Studnek JR., Hogg M., Dunn C., Templin MA., et al. Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial of Intranasal Ketamine Compared to Intranasal Fentanyl for Analgesia in Children with Suspected Extremity Fractures. Academic emergency medicine 2017; 24(12) 1430-40. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Efficacy and Safety
|
Patient
|
Other
|
Abebe Y, Hetmann F, Sumera K, Holland M, Staff T. The effectiveness and safety of paediatric prehospital pain management: a systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2021; 29(1):170. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Effective analgesia
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Bendall JC, Simpson PM, Middleton PM. Effectiveness of prehospital morphine, fentanyl, and methoxyflurane in pediatric patients. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011; 15(2):158-65. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Analgesia
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Harris MI, Adelgais KM, Linakis SW, Magill CF, Brazauskas R, Shah MI, Nishijima DK, Lowe GS, Chadha K, Chang TP, Lerner EB, Leonard JC, Schwartz HP, Gaither JB, Studnek JR, Browne LR. Impact of Prehospital Pain Management on Emergency Department Management of Injured Children. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021 Dec 22:1-9. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2021.2000683. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34734787. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Analgesia
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Mahmood A, Hunt N, Masiewicz S, et al. Treating Prehospital Pain in Children: A Retrospective Chart Review Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Prehospital Pediatric Ketamine and Opioid Analgesia. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2023; 1-10. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Pain at 0, 10, 20 and 30 minutes.
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Miner JR., Kletti C., Herold M., Hubbard D., Biros MH. Randomized clinical trial of nebulized fentanyl citrate versus i.v. fentanyl citrate in children presenting to the emergency department with acute pain. Acad Emerg Med 2007; 14(10):895-8. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Pain reduction
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Samuel N., Steiner IP., Shavit I. Prehospital pain management of injured children: A systematic review of current evidence. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33(3):451-4. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Safety
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Anderson T, Harrell C, Snider M, Kink R. The Safety of High-Dose Intranasal Fentanyl in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022; 38(2):e447–50. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Decrease Pain
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Cole J., Shepherd M., Young P. Intranasal fentanyl in 1-3-year-olds: A prospective study of the effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl as acute analgesia. Emerg Med Australas 2009; 21(5):395-400. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Pain reduction
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Murphy AP., Hughes M., Mccoy S., Crispino G., Wakai A., O'Sullivan R. Intranasal fentanyl for the prehospital management of acute pain in children. European journal of emergency medicine 2017; 24(6) 450-4. Medline
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Alsabri M, Hafez AH, Singer E, Elhady MM, Waqar M, Gill P. Efficacy and Safety of Intranasal Fentanyl in Pediatric Emergencies: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pediatr Emerg Care 2024; 40(10):748-52. Medline
|
HEMS
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
In-hospital Survival
|
Patient
|
|
Brown JB., Leeper CM., Sperry JL., et al. Helicopters and injured kids: Improved survival with scene air medical transport in the pediatric trauma population. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2016;80(5):702-10. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Mortality
|
Patient
|
Other
|
Ciaraglia A, Lumbard D, Murala A, Moreira A, Rajasekaran K, Nicholson S. Comparison of helicopter and ground transportation in pediatric trauma patients. Pediatr Res January 2024; 95(1):188-92. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Mortality
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Duffens A, Grigorian A, de Virgilio C, Chin T, Kim D, Lekawa M, Schubl SD, Nahmias J. Association of Risk of Mortality in Pediatric Patients Transferred From Scene by Helicopter With Major But Not Minor Injuries. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022; 38(1):e287–91. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
In-hospital mortality
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Englum BR., Rialon KL., Kim J., et al. Current use and outcomes of helicopter transport in pediatric trauma: A review of 18,291 transports. J Pediatr Surg. 2017;52(1):140-144. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
PTS
|
Process
|
Other
|
Patel SC., Murphy S., Penfil S., Romeo D., Hertzog JH. Impact of Interfacility Transport Method and Specialty Teams on Outcomes of Pediatric Trauma Patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 2018; 34(7) 467-72. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Need for time-sensitive intervention
|
Patient
|
|
Meyer MT., Gourlay DM., Weitze KC., et al. Helicopter interfacility transport of pediatric trauma patients: Are we overusing a costly resource? The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2016;80(2):313-7. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Patients Requiring OR intervention
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Patterson KN, Beyene TJ, Bergus K, Stafford J, Wurster L, Thakkar RK. Interfacility helicopter transport to a tertiary pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Surg Nov 2022; 57(11):637–43. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Factors influencing GEMS vs HEMS for rural pediatric trauma patients.
|
Process
|
Other
|
Starnes AB., Oluborode B., Knoles C., Burns B., McGinnis H., Stewart K. Direct Air Versus Ground Transport Predictors for Rural Pediatric Trauma. Air Med J; 37(3) 165-9. Medline
|
II
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Hospital length of stay
|
Patient
|
Other
|
Farach SM., Walford NE., Bendure L., Amankwah EK., Danielson PD., Chandler NM. Helicopter Transport From the Scene of Injury Are There Improved Outcomes for Pediatric Trauma Patients? Pediatr Emerg Care 2018; 34(5) 344-8. Medline
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Peeracheir S, Wachirarangsiman K, Martin T. Comparison of Interfacility Transfer of Critically Ill Pediatric Patients by Helicopter Versus Ground Ambulance in a Remote and Rural Domain. Air Med J Sept 2024; 43(5):433-9. Medline
|
Intubation with in-line stabilization
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to success
|
Process
|
|
Madziala M., Smereka J., Dabrowski M., Leung S., Ruetzler K., Szarpak L. A comparison of McGrath MAC® and standard direct laryngoscopy in simulated immobilized cervical spine pediatric intubation: a manikin study. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176(6):779-786. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to intubation
|
Process
|
SIM
|
Nishisaki A., Scrattish L., Boulet J., Kalsi M., Maltese M., Castner T., et al. Effect of cervical spine immobilization technique on pediatric advanced airway management: a high-fidelity infant simulation model. Pediatr Emerg Care 2008; 24(11):749-56. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
First pass success
|
Process
|
|
Madziala M., Smereka J., Dabrowski M., Leung S., Ruetzler K., Szarpak L. A comparison of McGrath MAC and standard direct laryngoscopy in simulated immobilized cervical spine pediatric intubation: A manikin study. Eur J Pediatr. 2017;176(6):779-786. Medline
|
Ketamine
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Tolerance to procedure
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Qureshi FA., Mellis PT., McFadden MA. Efficacy of oral ketamine for providing sedation and analgesia to children requiring laceration repair. Pediatr Emerg Care 1995; 11(2):93-7. Medline
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Rates of adverse events within 60 minutes
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Reynolds SL., Bryant KK., Studnek JR., Hogg M., Dunn C., Templin MA., et al. Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial of Intranasal Ketamine Compared to Intranasal Fentanyl for Analgesia in Children with Suspected Extremity Fractures. Academic emergency medicine 2017; 24(12) 1430-40. Medline
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
VAS
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Rubinstein O., Barkan S., Breitbart R., et al. Efficacy of oral ketamine compared to midazolam for sedation of children undergoing laceration repair: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Medicine. 2016;95(26):e3984. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Physicians satisfaction
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Guthrie AM, Baum RA, Carter C, Dugan A, Jones L, Tackett T, et al. Use of Intranasal Ketamine in Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37(12):e1001–7. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Analgesia
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Mahmood A, Hunt N, Masiewicz S, et al. Treating Prehospital Pain in Children: A Retrospective Chart Review Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Prehospital Pediatric Ketamine and Opioid Analgesia. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2023; 1-10. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Pain reduction
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Samuel N., Steiner IP., Shavit I. Prehospital pain management of injured children: A systematic review of current evidence. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33(3):451-4. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Effectiveness
|
Patient
|
Other
|
Abebe Y, Hetmann F, Sumera K, Holland M, Staff T. The effectiveness and safety of paediatric prehospital pain management: a systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2021; 29(1):170. Medline
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Bredmose P., Grier G., Davies G., Lockey D. Pre-hospital use of ketamine in paediatric trauma. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:543–5. Medline
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Wells K, Calleo V. Safety and Depth of Sedation With Ketamine Alone Versus Ketamine With Midazolam in Pediatric Fracture Reduction: A Retrospective Chart Review. Pediatr Emerg Care 2024; 40(10):717-21. Medline
|
Manual Intraosseous Insertion
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
First attempt success
|
Patient
|
|
Sunde G., Heradstveit B., Vikenes B., HeltneJ. Emergency intraosseous access in a helicopter
emergency medical service: a retrospective study. Scan J Trauma, Resus and Emerg Med 2010; 18:52. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Insertion time
|
Process
|
|
Hartholt KA., van Lieshout EM., Thies WC., Patka P., Schipper IB. Intraosseous devices: A randomized controlled trial comparing three intraosseous devices. Prehosp Emerg Care 2010; 14(1):6-13. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
In-hospital mortality
|
Patient
|
ICU
|
Olaussen A., Williams B. Intraosseous access in the prehospital setting: Literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012; 27(5):468-72. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Time to ED treatment
|
Process
|
|
Fiorito BA., Mirza F., Doran TM., et al. Intraosseous access in the setting of pediatric critical care transport. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6(1):50-3. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Success rate
|
Process
|
SIM
|
Shavit I., Hoffmann Y., Galbraith R., Waisman Y. Comparison of two mechanical intraosseous infusion devices: A pilot, randomized crossover trial. Resuscitation 2009; 80(9):1029-1033. Medline
|
Mechanical Intraosseous Insertion
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
First attempt success
|
Patient
|
|
Sunde G., Heradstveit B., Vikenes B., HeltneJ. Emergency intraosseous access in a helicopter
emergency medical service: a retrospective study. Scan J Trauma, Resus and Emerg Med 2010; 18:52. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Success rate on first attempt
|
Process
|
|
Gazin N., Auger H., Jabre P., et al. Efficacy and safety of the EZ-IO intraosseous device: Out-of-hospital implementation of a management algorithm for difficult vascular access. Resuscitation 2011; 82(1):126-9. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Insertion time
|
Patient
|
|
Hartholt KA., van Lieshout EM., Thies WC., Patka P., Schipper IB. Intraosseous devices: A randomized controlled trial comparing three intraosseous devices. Prehosp Emerg Care 2010; 14(1):6-13. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Predictive value
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Horton MA., Beamer C. Powered intraosseous insertion provides safe and effective vascular access for pediatric emergency patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 2008; 24(6):347-50. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Prediction
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Olaussen A., Williams B. Intraosseous access in the prehospital setting: Literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012; 27(5):468-72. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Neurologic recovery
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Santos D., Carron PN., Yersin B., Pasquier M. EZ-IO(®) intraosseous device implementation in a pre-hospital emergency service: A prospective study and review of the literature. Resuscitation 2013; 84(4):440-5. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to view
|
Process
|
SIM
|
Shavit I., Hoffmann Y., Galbraith R., Waisman Y. Comparison of two mechanical intraosseous infusion devices: A pilot, randomized crossover trial. Resuscitation 2009; 80(9):1029-1033. Medline
|
Morphine
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Analgesia
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Borland M., Jacobs I., King B., O'Brien D. A RCT comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in children in the ED. Ann Emerg Med 2007; 49:335-40. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Pain reduction
|
Patient
|
ED-Paramedic & CCP
|
Abebe Y, Hetmann F, Sumera K, Holland M, Staff T. The effectiveness and safety of paediatric prehospital pain management: a systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2021; 29(1):170. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Effective analgesia
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Bendall JC, Simpson PM, Middleton PM. Effectiveness of prehospital morphine, fentanyl, and methoxyflurane in pediatric patients. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011; 15(2):158-65. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Analgesia
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Harris MI, Adelgais KM, Linakis SW, Magill CF, Brazauskas R, Shah MI, Nishijima DK, Lowe GS, Chadha K, Chang TP, Lerner EB, Leonard JC, Schwartz HP, Gaither JB, Studnek JR, Browne LR. Impact of Prehospital Pain Management on Emergency Department Management of Injured Children. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021 Dec 22:1-9. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2021.2000683. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34734787. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Pain reduction
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Samuel N., Steiner IP., Shavit I. Prehospital pain management of injured children: A systematic review of current evidence. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33(3):451-4. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Rate of missed appendicitis
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Green R., Bulloch B., Kabani A., Hancock BJ., Tenenbein M. Early analgesia for children with acute abdominal pain. Pediatrics 2005; 116(4):978-83. Medline
|
Optimal Trip Destination
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Neurologic outcome
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Anders JF., Adelgais K., Hoyle JD. Jr., et al. Comparison of outcomes for children with cervical spine injury based on destination hospital from scene of injury. Acad Emerg Med 2014; 21(1):55-64. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Risk adjusted in-hospital mortality
|
Patient
|
In-Patient
|
Elkbuli A., Lopez JR., Villarroel PP., Ang D., Liu H., Boneva D., et al. Comparison of Outcomes for Pediatric Trauma at Different Types of Trauma Centers The Unresolved Mystery. Am Surg 2018; 84(6) 1054-7. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Over-triage and referral of TBI in children.
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Keane OA, Escobar MA Jr, Neff LP, Mitchell IC, Chern JJ, Santore MT. Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Who Can Be Managed at a Non-pediatric Trauma Center Hospital? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Am Surg 2022; 88(3):447–54. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
In-hospital mortality
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Mitchell RJ., Curtis K., Testa L., Holland AJ., Sv SS, Adams S. Differences in survival outcome for severely injured paediatric trauma by type of trauma centre. J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53(8) 808-13. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Mortality
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Miyata S., Cho J., Park H., Matsushima K., Bliss DW. Comparison of outcomes in severe pediatric trauma at adult trauma centers with different trauma case volumes. J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52(11) 1831-5. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Mortality
|
Process
|
ED-MD
|
Miyata S., Haltmeier T., Inaba K., Matsushima K., Goodhue C., Bliss DW. Should all severely injured pediatric patients be treated at pediatric level I trauma centers? A national trauma data bank study. Am Surg 2015; 81(10):927-31. Medline
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Mortality
|
Patient
|
|
Rogers AT, Gross BW, Cook AD, Rinehart CD, Lynch CA, Bradburn EH, et al. Outcome differences in adolescent blunt severe polytrauma patients managed at pediatric versus adult trauma centers. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2017; 83(6):1082-7. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Secondary transport
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Fishe JN, Psoter KJ, Klein BL, Anders JF. Retrospective Evaluation of Risk Factors for Pediatric Secondary Transport. Prehospital emergency care: official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors; 22(1):41-9. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Time to first clinician review
|
Process
|
Other
|
Lin YC., Lee YT., Feng JXY., Chiang LW., Nah SA. Prehospital Transport for Pediatric Trauma A Comparison of Private Transport and Emergency Medical Services. Pediatr Emerg Care 2017; 33(12) 781-3. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Requirement of a lifesaving Intervention
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & MD
|
Nezu M, Shiima Y, Kurosawa H, Miyakoshi C. Outcomes of Pediatric Patients in Secondary Transport to Tertiary Hospital: A Retrospective Observational Study. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Transport destination
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Lerner EB., Studnek JR., Fumo N., Banerjee A., Arapi I., Browne LR., et al. Multicenter Analysis of Transport Destinations for Pediatric Prehospital Patients. Academic emergency medicine 2018. Medline
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Larson JT., Dietrich AM., Abdessalam SF., Werman HA. Effective use of the air ambulance for pediatric trauma. J Trauma 2004; 56(1):89-93. Medline
|
Sedation
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Safety
|
Patient
|
|
McGlone RG., Howes MC., Joshi M. The lancaster experience of 2.0 to 2.5 mg/kg intramuscular ketamine for paediatric sedation: 501 cases and analysis. Emerg Med J 2004; 21(3):290-5. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Adverse events
|
Patient
|
|
Migita RT., Klein EJ., Garrison MM. Sedation and analgesia for pediatric fracture reduction in the emergency department: A systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160(1):46-51. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Adverse events
|
Patient
|
|
Bellolio MF., Puls HA., Anderson JL., Gilani WI., Murad MH., Barrionuevo P., et al. Incidence of adverse events in paediatric procedural sedation in the emergency department: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open 2016; 6(6):e011384. Medline
|
X
|
Not Yet Graded (White)
|
-
|
|
|
Acworth JP., Purdie D., Clark RC. Intravenous ketamine plus midazolam is superior to intranasal midazolam for emergency paediatric procedural sedation. Emerg Med J 2001; 18(1):39-45. Medline
|