Anticholinergic
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Mortality
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Coon GA., Clinton JE., Ruiz E. Use of atropine for brady-asystolic prehospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10(9):462-7. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Mortality
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Pressley JC., Severance HW Jr., Raney MP., et al. A comparison of paramedic versus basic emergency medical care of patients at high and low risk during acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12(6):1555-61. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
30 day mortality
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Schwartz B., Vermeulen MJ., Idestrup C., Datta P. Clinical variables associated with mortality in OOH patients with hemodynamically significant bradycardia. Acad EM 2004; 11:656-61. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Clinical response
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Brady WJ., Swart G., DeBehnke DJ., Ma OJ., Aufderheide TP. The efficacy of atropine in the treatment of hemodynamically unstable bradycardia and atrioventricular block: prehospital and emergency department considerations. Resuscitation 1999; 41(1):47-55. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Therapeutic response to atropine
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Swart G., Brady WJ., DeBehnke DJ., Ma OJ., Aufderheide TP. AMI complicated by hemodynamically unstable bradyarrhythmia: Prehospital and ED treatment with atropine. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17:647-52. Medline
|
Transcutaneous Pacing
Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Efficacy
|
Patient
|
|
Bektas F., Soyuncu S. The efficacy of transcutaneous cardiac pacing in ED. Am J Emerg Med 2016;34(11):2090-3. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Barthell E., Troiano P., Olson D., Stueven HA., Hendley G. Prehospital external cardiac pacing: A prospective, controlled clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17(11):1221-6. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Presenting to the ED with a pulse
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Hedges JR., Syverud SA., Dalsey WC., Feero S., et al. Prehospital trial of emergency transcutaneous cardiac pacing. Circ 1987; 76(6):1337-43. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Incidence of liver injury
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Morrison LJ., et al. A randomized controlled feasibility trial comparing safety and effectiveness of prehospital pacing vs conventional treatment: PrePACE. Resus 2008; 76:341-9. Medline
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Efficacy
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Sherbino J., Verbeek PR., MacDonald RD., Sawadsky BV., McDonald AC., Morrison LJ. Prehospital transcutaneous cardiac pacing for symptomatic bradycardia or bradyasystolic cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 2006; 70(2):193-200. Medline
|
II
|
Opposes (Red)
|
True electrical capture
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Kimbrell J, Kreinbrook J, Poke D, et al. False Electrical Capture in Prehospital Transcutaneous Pacing by Paramedics: A Case Series. Prehosp Emerg Care February 2024; 1-37. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Extracardiac organ dysfunction
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Inoue T., Takayanagi K., Sakai Y., Hayashi T., Morooka S. Cardiac pacing as emergency care for serious bradyarrhythmia with circulatory shock. J Med 2001; 32(5-6):321-31. Medline
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Survival to hospital discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
O'Toole KS., Paris PM., Heller MB., Stewart RD. Emergency transcutaneous pacing in the management of patients with bradyasystolic rhythms. J Emerg Med 1987; 5(4):267-73. Medline
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Therapeutic response to atropine
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Swart G., Brady WJ., DeBehnke DJ., Ma OJ., Aufderheide TP. AMI complicated by hemodynamically unstable bradyarrhythmia: Prehospital and ED treatment with atropine. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17:647-52. Medline
|