BVM
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Survival to hospital discharge and neurological status at discharge
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Gausche M., Lewis R., Stratton, et al. Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome. JAMA 2000; 283:783-98. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Error rate
|
Process
|
|
Hansen M., Eriksson C., Skarica B., Meckler G., Guise JM. Safety events in pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 2018; 36(3):380-383. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
survival to discharge
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Hansen ML., Lin A., Eriksson C., Daya M., McNally B., Fu R., et al. A comparison of pediatric airway management techniques during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using the CARES database. Resuscitation 2017; 120 51-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Supportive (Green)
|
1 month neurologically favourable survival
|
Patient
|
|
Ohashi-Fukuda N., Fukuda T., Doi K., Morimura N. Effect of prehospital advanced airway management for pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2017; 114:66-72. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Mortality
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic & CCT
|
Weihing VK, Crowe EH, Wang HE, Ugalde IT. Prehospital airway management in the pediatric patient: A systematic review. Acad Emerg Med 2021. Medline
|
Laryngeal Tube (without AW reflexes)
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Proportion of patients in whom effective spontaneous or assisted ventilation
|
Patient
|
OR
|
Bortone L., et al. RCT comparing the LT and the laryngeal mask in pediatric patients. Ped Anesth 2006; 16:251-7. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
survival to discharge
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Hansen ML., Lin A., Eriksson C., Daya M., McNally B., Fu R., et al. A comparison of pediatric airway management techniques during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using the CARES database. Resuscitation 2017; 120 51-6. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Mortality
|
Patient
|
Other
|
Weihing VK, Crowe EH, Wang HE, Ugalde IT. Prehospital airway management in the pediatric patient: A systematic review. Acad Emerg Med 2021. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
time to ventilation
|
Process
|
SIM
|
Byars DV., Brodsky RA., Evans D., Lo B., Guins T., Perkins AM. Comparison of direct laryngoscopy to pediatric king LT-D in simulated airways. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012; 28(8):750-2. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Success
|
Patient
|
ED-MD
|
Scheller B., et al. LT suction II for difficult airway management in neonates and small infants. Resuscitation 2009; 80:805-10. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Insertion speed
|
Process
|
SIM
|
Mitchell MS., Lee White M., King WD., Wang HE. Paramedic King Laryngeal Tube airway insertion versus endotracheal intubation in simulated pediatric respiratory arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 2012; 16(2):284-8. Medline
|
|
III
|
Opposes (Red)
|
Mortality and morbidity
|
Patient
|
PH-Paramedic
|
Weihing VK, Crowe EH, Wang HE, Ugalde IT. Prehospital airway management in the pediatric patient: A systematic review. Acad Emerg Med 2021. Medline
|
LMA (without AW reflexes)
| Level |
Direction |
Primary Outcome |
Patient/Process |
Setting |
Reference |
|
I
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Proportion of patients in whom effective spontaneous or assisted ventilation
|
Patient
|
OR
|
Bortone L., et al. RCT comparing the LT and the laryngeal mask in pediatric patients. Ped Anesth 2006; 16:251-7. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
first attempt success
|
Process
|
OR
|
Flynn P., Ahmed FB., Mitchell V., Patel A., Clark S. A randomised comparison of the single use LMA Flexible with the reusable LMA Flexible in paediatric dental day-case patients. Anaesthesia 2007; 62(12):1281-4. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
First attempt success
|
Process
|
OR
|
Jagannathan N., Sohn LE., Mankoo R., Langen KE., Mandler T. A randomized crossover comparison between the Laryngeal Mask Airway-Unique and the air-Q intubating laryngeal airway in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2012 Feb; 22(2):161-7. Medline
|
|
I
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Differences in SpO2 and PeCO2
|
Patient
|
OR
|
Sinha A., Sharma B., Sood J. ProSeal as an alternative to endotracheal intubation in pediatric laparoscopy. Paediatr Anaesth 2007; 17(4):327-332. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Intubation success
|
Process
|
SIM
|
Komasawa N., Ueki R., Yamamoto N., et al. Comparison of air-Q(®) and soft seal(®) laryngeal mask for airway management by novice doctors during infant chest compression: A manikin study. Resuscitation 2012; 83(3):365-8. Medline
|
|
II
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Overall mortality
|
Patient
|
Other
|
Weihing VK, Crowe EH, Wang HE, Ugalde IT. Prehospital airway management in the pediatric patient: A systematic review. Acad Emerg Med 2021. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
time to ventilation
|
Process
|
SIM
|
Chen L., Hsiao AL. Randomized trial of endotracheal tube versus laryngeal mask airway in simulated prehospital pediatric arrest. Pediatrics 2008; 122(2):e294-7. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Successful insertion
|
Process
|
PH-Paramedic
|
MacConachie-Middleton P., Simpson P., Thomas R., Bendall J. Higher insertion success with the i-gel® supraglottic airway in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A randomised controlled trial. Resuscitation 2014; 85:7:893–897. Medline
|
|
III
|
Supportive (Green)
|
Time to AW insertion
|
Process
|
SIM
|
Reiter DA., Strother CG., Weingart SD. The quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation using supraglottic airways and intraosseous devices: A simulation trial. Resuscitation 2013; 84(1):93-7. Medline
|
|
III
|
Neutral (Yellow)
|
Ease of use
|
Process
|
OR
|
Beylacq L., Bordes M., Semjen F., Cros AM. The I-gel, a single-use supraglottic airway device with a non-inflatable cuff and an esophageal vent: an observational study in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53(3):376-9. Medline
|